The Issue Of The United States Congress - 1558 Words

Today, 27 million slaves exist in the world. Many think slavery ended in 1865, but slavery has been going on forever. Not just 27 million people live in slavery; it is estimated more than 4.5 million are trapped in forced sexual exploitation globally (â€Å"Sex Trafficking in the U.S†¦.†). In 1850, the height of slavery in the Americas for the production of tobacco and cotton, the United States Census showed 3 million slaves included in the population (DeBow 82). Most know about the 3 million slaves that once existed in the United States, but the current 27 million remain unknown to most. Those 27 million are hidden in the shadows of brothels, factories, rock quarries, and massage parlors; if the United States does not do something about it now,†¦show more content†¦So this raises the question, is using forced labor acceptable if it is for the overall good of the company, customers, and economy? The International Labor Organization defines forced labor as â€Å" all work or service, which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which said person has not offered himself voluntarily.† (Understanding the Role of Labor Recruiters†¦.†). Apple used forced labor; they faced many problems in 2012 dealing with forced labor and awful working conditions. Workers in Apple factories received pay for only a part of the time they worked, and the pay given was only about $1 an hour. Workers described the conditions as â€Å"excessive overtime without a single day off a week, living together in crowded dorms and exposure to dangerous chemicals, and standing so long our legs swell where we can’t walk after a 24-hour shift† (Duell). Apple threatened to fire employees if they left a 24-hour shift, even though by law, employees cannot work more than a 12 hour shift. On top of the threat of a worker losing their jobs, Apple also did not pay workers for their excessive, overtime hours. Therefore, Congress needs to pass legislation that requires companies to address human trafficking, so customers can make informed decisions and companies can take strides towards fair trade. When customers

Code Switching Free Essays

Urdu-English Code-Switching: The Use of Urdu Phrases and Clauses In Pakistani English (A Non-native Variety) Abstract This paper presents an analysis of Urdu-English code-switching in Pakistani English. However, data has been analysed only at the phrase and clause level. Based on the empirical data from Pakistani English newspapers and magazines, this paper aims to show that code-switching is not a grammarless phenomenon rather it is ruled governed activity at the phrase and clause level. We will write a custom essay sample on Code Switching or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also presents the brief overview of the use of English as a non-native variety. This paper suggests that variations and changes in a language are an integral part of bilingualism and multilingualism. All the present data shows that the occurrences of various Urdu phrases and clauses impose no ungrammatical effect on the construction of English syntax. Key words: Bilingualism, code-switching, non-native varieties of English Introduction This paper centres on the variations in the English language due to Urdu-English code-switching in Pakistan and also shows the significant role of the Urdu language in the formation of Pakistani English. Only those syntactic features that are found as a result of code-switching have been discussed. Mahboob (2003) described different phonological and grammatical aspects of Pakistani English, which are quite different from Standard British English. But in this paper, only that data has been taken into account where Urdu phrases and clauses have been used. This paper is interested in describing different aspects of language change in English when used in a non-native context i. e. Pakistan. First and foremost, ‘a great deal of interest has been generated in the English language as a result of its spread around the world and its use as an international language (Cheshire 1991:7). Now-a-days English has become a global language. According to Bamgbose, (2001:357) English is recognised as the dominating language in the world as globalisation comes to be universally accepted in political and academic discourse. The development of ‘globalisation’ has been associated with the dominance of the English language (Bottery 2000:6). English is used all over the world by millions of native and non-native speakers because of its dominant position. According to Crystal (2003:65), there are approximately 430 million L2 users and 330 million L1 users. So the non-native speakers use English more than the natives ones. However, these figures exclude learners of English, and Crystal suggests there may be as many as one billion of them. Being an international language, it is used almost in all the countries of the world. When people started using English in non-native contexts because of its growing popularity, it developed as a transplanted language. According to Kachru (1986:30): ‘A language may be considered transplanted if it is used by a significant numbers of speakers in social, cultural and geographical contexts different from the contexts in which it was originally used†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. a transplanted language is cut off from its traditional roots and begins to function in new surroundings, in new roles and new contexts’. Non-native Varieties of English Kachru (1978) was among the first to identify and delineate boundaries of a nativized variety of English in South Asia, which he terms as South Asian English (SAE). Kachru (1996) regarded SAE as an additional linguistic arm in the culture of identity. He believes that ‘nativization must be seen as the result of those productive linguistic innovations which are determined by the localized function of a second language variety, the culture of conversation and commutative strategies in new situations and transfer from local languages’ (Kachru 1986: 21-2). With this development, there was a gradual recognition and acknowledgement of the new and non-native varieties of English, e. g. Nigerian English, Indian English, Chicano English, Pakistani English, Singaporean English, Sri Lankan English etc. The term ‘New varieties’ of English’ implies that there are more or less recognizable varieties of spoken and/or written by groups of people’. (Platt et al. 1984:2) A new variety does not develop in isolation but it depends on the communicative needs of those who speak and write it. Such a variety is considered an interference variety because there is a clear linguistic and cultural interference from the first language and culture of the users. When a language is used in a different cultural context and social situation, several changes take place in its phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax. A language so widely used has its own grammatical and linguistic system through which it conveys its distinction of meanings. These linguistic characteristics are usually transparent in its sound system, vocabulary and sentence construction. The non-native speakers develop a whole new range of expression to fulfil the communicative needs. Since the user of the non-native variety is bilingual, creativity is manifested in different kinds of mixing, switching, alteration and transcreation of codes. When two languages come in contact, it results in â€Å"inventiveness†. Bilingualism in itself is a source of creativity in language (Talaat 2003). Such varieties are so widespread and have such a long standing ‘that they may be thought stable and adequate enough to be regarded as varieties of English in their own right rather than stages on the way to a more native-like English’ (Quirk 1983:8) Urdu-English code-switching and Pakistani English English enjoys a very prestigious status in Pakistan. Its prevalence and power in Pakistan is growing very much. For many Pakistanis, English has become not only a â€Å"practical necessity†, but also â€Å"the language of opportunity, social prestige, power, success as well as social superiority†. Kachru (1997:227) pointed at the ‘ideological, cultural and elitist power of English’. Such power is vividly seen in Pakistan where people tend to switch from Urdu to English to create special effect. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the two official languages of Pakistan (the other official language being English). It is the most important language of literacy in the country. In the hierarchy of linguistic prestige, Urdu is placed lower only than English. In Pakistan, Urdu-English code-switching is a common characteristic of educated Pakistani bilinguals. Code-switching ccurs when two languages come in contact: ‘the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent’ (Poplack 1980:581). This sociolinguistic phenomenon makes a great contribution in the creation of new and non-native varieties of English. When two languages come into contact, not only the phonological features but lexical items and syntactic pa tterns also manage to filter across from one language to another. English is used in Pakistan in a non-native context. Different changes can be observed in its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar and now it is recognized as a distinct variety of English i. . Pakistani English. Non-native varieties of English are an important aspect of language change and these varieties have emerged because of code-switching and code-mixing. According to Trudgill (1986: 1), ‘the languages that are in contact with each other socially may become changed linguistically, as a result of being in contact psychologically, in the competence of individual speaker’. Pakistani English has assumed a linguistic and cultural identity of its own. This identity manifests itself throughout the language at the word level, the phrase level and the sentence level. It is the natural consequence of its regular contact with the Urdu language. A large number of borrowings from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan have entered in Pakistani English (Baumgardner 1993). Certain lexical items may show a shift from their original Standard British English usage to Urduized meaning (Talaat 1993). In comparison with the borrowing in syntax and morphology, lexical items have the highest ease of borrowing and seem most likely to occur (Brutt-Griffler, 2002; Romaine, 1995). Such a vocabulary items in all the new varieties of English are largely drawn from the areas that are significantly different to the geo-social-cultural context of British English (Fernado 2003). As, no reliable study on Urdu-English code-switching at the level of the phrase and clause is available, this paper is likely to bridge the gap. The code-switching data in this paper focuses on the use of Urdu phrases and clauses in the English language and shows that its occurrence imposes no ungrammatical effect on the structure of English syntax. The data has been collected from the following printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines: 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. Herald (monthly) (Karachi) 3. Mag (weekly) (Karachi) In this paper, code-switching is divided into two categories. They are inter-sentential switching, that is switching from one language to another at a sentence boundary, and intra-sentential code-switching, or code-mixing when the switch takes place within one sentence. In the following section, we will analyse the intra-sentential code-switching in Pakistani English at the level of phrase. Phrasal insertions A phrase is a group of words, which does not carry a complete sense. Formally a phrase is defined as a syntactic structure that has syntactic properties derived from its head (Mahajan 2001). Basic phrase structure is a universal feature of all human languages. The Urdu language is not different from English as far as the structure of phrase is concerned. There are a fair number of Urdu multi-word switches in this section that are either two word or three word phrases occurring in the English clause or sentence. The purpose is to introduce the position of various Urdu phrases inserted in English syntax. Some researchers suggest that switches that are larger than one word are â€Å"true code-switches† but one-word switches are borrowings. However, it is not within the goals of this paper to distinguish code-switches from borrowings. In this section, we will analyze the occurrence of various NPs, Adj Ps and PPs in the English sentences. Since phrase insertion is always a complex kind of switching, it demands a high degree of proficiency and accuracy from the bilinguals involved in code-switching. Noun phrase A noun phrase is a word or group of words, which acts as the subject, complement or object of a clause, or as the object of a preposition. A noun phrase always has an obligatory head noun and optional modifier and qualifier. (m) H (q) For example in the Urdu phrase ‘ mera bhai apaney dostoon key saath’, (my brother with his friends) mera is the modifier of the head noun ‘bhai’ while Urdu postpositional phrase ‘dostoon key saath’ is qualifying the head noun. The structure of Urdu noun phrases used in Pakistani English is very diverse. Here are some examples of the use of the Urdu noun phrases occurring as the subject of the English verbs: 1. A poor hari (the farmer) can be sent to the gallows even on the mild accusation of a crime leveled against him by a noble. (March 27, 2007 D) 2. An honorable sardar or wadera (the landlord or chief) can walk free even after proven record of the most heinous kinds of against crimes him. (March 27, 2007 D) 3. They alleged that the naib nazim (the vice municipal officer) was receiving threats to force him to part ways with the PPP-backed Awam Dost panel. (March 04, 2007 D) In the first two examples, the English adjectives are modifying the English nouns in a noun phrase while in the third example both the adjective and noun are from the Urdu language. All the noun phrases have the English determiners ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ respectively in the beginning of the sentences. Urdu noun phrase as an apposition of another noun It is very interesting to note the use of an Urdu noun phrase as apposition in Pakistani English. ‘Apposition’ means the placing of a noun group after a noun or pronoun in order to identify something or someone or give more information about them. In the following example, we can see the use of an Urdu noun phrase as an apposition of another noun. Here the Urdu noun phrase is giving information about the proper noun ‘Haji Ramzan’. 1. Five militants who tried to kidnap tehsil municipal officer Hameedullah on October 8 were forced to give up their hostage after Haji Ramzan, the tehsil naib nazim (the city vice municipal officer), and his men confronted them on the main Tank-Jandola road. (November 2006 H) Urdu phrase introduced by an English adverb: In the examples below, the English relative adverb â€Å"as† introduces the Urdu stretches of words embedded in English. This type of switching is very rare and demands high proficiency. 1. Amjad considered her as ustad se ziyada dost (friend rather than teacher). (January 22, 2006 D) 2. And an old friend of hers, a female writer, was so infuriated on being referred to as a ‘Cycle wali larki’ (female cyclist) that she broke relations with her for good. (March 25, 2007 D) 3. According to one of them, they were not shunned by the public as lula, langra and apahaj (lame and paralyzed). (December 04, 2005 D) 4. What was sworn upon yesterday as guiding principle will be chucked at the altar of expediency tomorrow as mere siyasi bayan (political statement). January 22, 2006 D) Genitive phrases In Urdu, genitives are indicated with ka/ke/ke as a morph-word. The choice of these words depends on gender, number and case ending of the head noun. However, the English word ‘of’ is equivalent to all these. The genitive or possessive form of Urdu noun takes different positions in English syn tax and imposes no ungrammatical effect in the construction. In the following examples, the Urdu noun phrases are used as the complement of an English verb of incomplete predication and occurring at the end of the sentence. The Urdu noun phrase begins with the English determiner ‘an’ in the first example. 1. Atif Amin feels â€Å"it’s true that to some extend visiting therapists is an ameeron ka nakhra. (arrogance of the rich) (July 31, 2005 D) 2. The colloquial phrase used for this punishment was kala ki saza. (severe punishment) (July 24, 2005 D) In some cases the Urdu noun phrase is used as the subject of the English syntax. In example 2 the Urdu noun phrase begins with English determiner ‘the’. 1. 1. â€Å"Logon ki samajh† (understanding of the people) is all he has to say about the society’s attitude towards dance. January 12, 2006 D) 2. The Islamabad ka muqadas darakht (Holy tree of Islamabad) revolved around a popular Banyan tree that stood in sector E-7 but was a few months back burned down. (May 21, 2006 D) 3. Promptly can the reply from Fateh Muhammad Mailk, who argued that kufar ka fatwa (Infidelity claim) is nothing new with us. (May 21, 2006 D ) Sometimes, the Urdu noun phrases are also inserted in the middle of the English syntax. In the following examples, we can see the use of the Urdu noun phrases as the complement of an English verb. 1. Publications have just become catalogues and designers have become shadi ka jora mills (Wedding cloth house), not aiming to produce ethereal pieces any more. (September 25, 2005 D) 2. Rohit also revived the age-old warak ka kaam (work of silver gold leaf) once used for mughal royalty. (January 22, 2005 D) 3. Naturally they bathed themselves properly after every hug as the grandma had a smell of sarson ka tel (mustard’oil) and desi soap all over here. (July 31, 2005 D) 4. I am thrilled to see a lovely jurao ka set (precious Ornament) that President Ayub Khan presented her when she visited Pakistan in the 1960s. March 25, 2007) In the example 3 the double genitive has been used with English mixed in a noun phrase. Adjective Phrase A word or a group of words that does the work of an adjective is called an adjective phrase. Adjective phrases are usually formed from an intensifier that is optional, followed by the head (H) that is often an adjective In Pakistani English, Urdu adjec tive phrases may occur as a predicate adjective or inside the noun phrase. In the examples below, an Urdu adjective phrase has been inserted in the English sentence. 1. He is called sher ka bacha (bashful, brave) and mard ka bacha (high minded). January 08, 06 D) In the above example, Urdu evaluative metaphors that reflect Pakistani social customs, localized attitude and behavior have been used in English syntax. In a typical Pakistani context, a person having great courage and with a keen sense of honor is termed as ‘sher ka bacha’ (lion’s child). In the following example the English intensifier ‘very’ has been used with an Urdu adjective. This kind of code-switching is very rare. 2. Their response, ‘ I think you are right madam,’ said a young man, city life and modern education makes men very beghairat (dishonorable) (November 2006 H) In the examples given below, the Urdu adjective phrases are modifying the English nouns in the noun phrases. 3. It was a taiz raftar (very speedy) bus and I merely sat on it as well. (February 26, 2005 D) 4. The 60-minutes interview was largely spent in advocate Bukhari name dropping, saying he grew up with the lordships of the Superior Court and what payare insaan (lovely men) they are. (March 18, 2007 D) Example 4 reflects a very complex kind of code-switching. The Urdu stretch of words has been introduced by the English word ‘what’, but actually it is giving the emphasis on the Urdu adjective ‘payare’. The use of ‘what’ has changed the syntactic structure and it seems that it has been used to focus on ‘payare insaan’. The introduction of ‘what’ has changed the word order of the sentence. One important thing worthwhile to mention here is that it seems harder to break up a relative clause/phrase than other types of subordination. It is quite problematic to have a relative pronoun from one language and the rest of the clause in the other. The code-switching data reported from other language pairs also show that switching between the relative pronoun and the clause that it introduces is rare. Nortier 1990) Mostly, the English adjectives are necessarily uninflected. They undergo no morphological changes with the variations in the nouns they qualify. However, in Pakistani English, Urdu adjectives, sometimes, may be inflected according to the rules of Urdu grammar because of number and gender as in the above example. For example: Payara (lovely) is a n inflected adjective e. g. Payara larka (lovely boy), Payari larki (lovely girl), Payare insaan (lovely people). Prepositional phrase Urdu has a postposition instead of English preposition, which differs in the way that it precedes objects. A collective term used for both preposition and postposition is adposition. In typical Urdu adposition phrases, adposition comes at the end. An Urdu postposition phrase is syntactically inserted in English syntax in the following example: 1. Both of them unhurt â€Å"Khuda key fazal sey† (By the grace of God) while Shazia became paraplegic. (January 08, 2006 D) It is very interesting to note that the Urdu postposition phrase occurs at the same position where its English equivalent could have been. Verbal phrase A verb phrase is a word or a group of words that does not have a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of a verb. In Urdu language, auxiliaries occur after the main verb in contrast with English where auxiliaries occur before the main verb. Urdu verb phrases occur very rarely in Pakistani English because they have to undergo a complex morphological change as compared to noun phrases. However, sometimes an Urdu verbal phrase is also inserted in English syntax. Here is an example of the use of an Urdu verb phrase: 1. My colleagues kept worrying that piracy ho rahi hay (is going on) we should stop it; I kept saying, â€Å"hooney do†. (let it be) (September 11, 2005 D) ho rahi hai ain verb Progressive form auxiliary The above-mentioned data and examples suggest that Urdu phrases are frequently used in Pakistani English and its occurrences at various positions in a sentence seem to be quite appropriate. Urdu phrases obey the rules of English grammar everywhere in the sentences. After analyzing intra-sentential code-switching at the level of phrase, now we want to turn to inter-sentential code- switching in Pakistani English. The next section begins with ‘inter-clausal code switching’. Inter-clausal code-switching: As mentioned earlier, code-switching occurring at the sentence level is called inter-sentential code-switching. The term â€Å"inter-clausal code-switching† is used to refer to switches occurring at the clause boundaries. In the present data, switched Urdu clauses can include a coordinated clause, a subordinate clause or a clause/phrase introduced by an English adverb. Urdu clauses that are coordinated with an English clause through the use of coordinating conjunction are classified as coordinated clauses. Urdu subordinate clauses are also used with main English clause. We can find the English subordinate clause with Urdu main clause as well. Mostly, an English subordinate clause gives a warning or advice about the consequences of an action or attitude. It is relatively common in Pakistani English that Urdu proverbs and maxims occur at the periphery of an English clause. There are also switched Urdu full clauses that are syntactically independent of the preceding English clause, although there is still thematic coherence in terms of their reference and actions. The data exemplified in the following sections will reveal how different types of Urdu clauses are used in Pakistani English. Co-ordinated Clauses: In Pakistani English, co-ordinated clauses are joined by English as well as Urdu conjunctions. However Urdu conjunctions do not occur quite frequently. A conjunction that often conjoins the English clauses to the Urdu adjacent clauses is â€Å"and†. Here is an example of the use of the English coordinating conjunction: 1. Why don’t we all go together to New Delhi? N1 ki shaddi ki shopping bhi ho jaye gi (There will be shopping of N1’s wedding) and we can have much fun. (June 20, 2005 D) As can be seen in the above example, there is switching here back and forth between English and Urdu. An Urdu clause is embedded in English and English is taken up again. In the following example, an Urdu conjunction â€Å"leykin† (but) is inserted in the English sentence. The reason for the use of Urdu conjunction in Pakistani English is directionality of code-switching, because most of the times, switched Urdu clauses follow the English main clause. This Urdu conjunction has a pragmatic effect as a discourse marker in drawing attention to the utterance. 1. We reached there in time, lakin no body was there to receive us. (Spoken English) In Nortier’s Moroccan Arabic/Dutch code-switching data (1990), the Arabic onjunction â€Å"walikan† (but) is also most frequent and is the one that conjoins two clauses that are both in another language. Taking a discourse marker from another language has a pragmatic effect on the whole utterance. Another interesting feature of Pakistani English that has been found as a result of Urdu-English code-switching is the use of an inde pendent Urdu clause or sentence with English in written as well as spoken English. Here are three examples where Urdu clauses are syntactically independent; however, they share a semantic relationship with each other: 1. Very soon, I will be a big star in Bollywood, main naumeed nahin hougni. (I will not be disappointed) (July 16, 2006 D) 2. He is set to release some very interesting films, which he describes as happy-go-lucky movies, aaj kal happy fims ka zamana hai. (Now-a-days people like happy movies) (December 11, 2005 D) 3. I cannot make new friends. Main buri, mairai dausti burai. (I am bad, friendship with me is bad) That’s all (March 25, 2007 D) Subordinated clauses: Urdu subordinated clauses are also used in Pakistani English, which is a very important aspect of inter-sentential code-switching. The subordinating conjunction is not always in the language of the clause that it introduces. Both Urdu and English subordinating conjunctions are used to join main and subordinated clauses. We can classify this section to two main broad categories: 1. Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause 2. English subordinate clauses with a Urdu main clause Firstly, we will look at the occurrence of the Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause. Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause: Different Urdu subordinate clauses are embedded in the English sentences in Pakistani English. The following two kinds of Urdu subordinate clauses have been found in Pakistani English: 1. The noun clause 2. The adverb clause Noun clause: The data exemplified in this section will show that a noun clause is a subordinate clause that does the work of a noun in a complex sentence. It can be used in Pakistani English as: 1. The subject of a verb 2. The complement of a verb 3. The object of a preposition In the following example, the switched Urdu noun clause has been used as the subject of an English verb: 1. Sub kutch chalet hai is their dictum. (June 12, 2005 D) ‘All is right’ is their dictum. Most of the times, a switched noun clause acts as a complement of an English verb. Here are some examples: 1. To underline the point he added is main science ki koi baat nahin hai. (December 25, 2005 D) To underline the point he added there is nothing scientific in this. 2. He got all mixed up and asked acha aap begum commondo hai. (October 30, 2005 D) He got all mixed up and asked well. You are Mrs. Commando. 3. I get looks from them all and a couple said aap aagay aa jain. (October 09, 2006 D) I get looks from them all and a couple said you come in front please. 4. She couldn’t resist the bohat aachi movie hai. May 29, 2005 D) She couldn’t resist it’s the very best movie. In the examples below, the switched Urdu clause has been used as an object of an English preposition. 1. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything except that is ka order ooper se aya hai. (May 07, 2006 D) 2. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything except that we have orders from our seniors. 3. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a ‘Bhai dekh lo, I am not carrying you purse’ (November 2006 H) 4. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a brother you can see; I am not carrying you purse. Sometimes, it’s very interesting to note the use of an Urdu noun clause as a complement of a verb of incomplete predication. 1. The whole thing is that key bhaiya sab se bada rupaiya. (February 12, 2006 D) The whole thing is that bother, money is all. Adverb clause: As we have seen through the above examples that the noun clause acts as a noun in complex sentences, in the same way the function of an adverb clause is that of an adverb in complex sentences. In the following example, an Urdu adverb conditional clause has been embedded in the English sentence. However, the Urdu subordinate clause precedes the English main clause. The subordinating conjunction is in Urdu, whereas the clause that follows it is in English: 1. Aap ko kissi cheez sey strings ketney hoon, to its best to run from it. (June 26, 2005 D) If you want to cut the cord off, then its best to run from it. English subordinate clauses with Urdu main clause: In some cases, English clause is subordinate to an Urdu main clause. In the following example the English noun clause is joined with the Urdu main clause through the English subordinating conjunction â€Å"that†. 1. Mujhe shikayat hai that we are not making history. (July 31, 2005 D) I have a complaint that we are not making history. In the example below, the English conditional clause is subordinate to the Urdu main clause. In this example, the English subordinate clause precedes the Urdu main clause: 1. The police asked both of us to settle things between ourselves. Because if it becomes court case, then mamla lamba ho jaiga. (February 19, 2006 D) The police asked both of us to settle things between ourselves. Because if it becomes a court case, then it will be a lengthy process. Repetitions and other switches Sometimes, Urdu phrases or clauses are used just as the repetition of an English phrase or clause. The purpose of this type of switching is to give emphasis. However, in spoken it is used to address different audiences. 1. Take care, apna bahut khayal rakhiya ga. (December 18, 2005 D) 2. They shouted for his execution. Zen ko phansy do. (October 02, 2005 D) 3. Feroz was very drunk. Usko chad gayi thi. (May 07, 2006 D) 4. He thought that Geeta Bali was the daughter of a certain Dr. Bali,a dentist in Aligarh, who was shocked when one day, Sikandar asked him: Aap ki sahabzadi kaisi hain? (How’s your daughter? (November 2006 H) In some cases, Urdu clauses are used to quote maxim and proverb or some other person in Pakistani English. Here are some examples: 1. My unbending procrastination is one thing that repels the beauty of the world but they say ‘sabar ka phal meetha’ (patience has its reward) (January 22, 2006 D) 2. Talk about ‘lakkar hazam, pathar hazamâ₠¬â„¢ (very powerful and digestive stomach), they deserve a batter deal, if only for their patience in eating such swill day after day. (October 2006 M) 3. He gave the example of the phrase â€Å"auratein bhot bolteen hain† (females are very talkative). August 07, 2005 D) 4. She was very touched and impressed, especially when the waiter uttered these words ‘baaji, mehman sey paisay nahin letay (sister, we don’t charges from guests)’. (July 17, 2005 D) 5. She opened the Q and A session by saying ‘aab court aap ki ball main hai’ (Now all depends on you). (May 29,2005 D) Conclusion The data and examples presented in this paper demonstrate that code-switching affects Pakistani English at the phrase and clause level and Pakistani English has its unique features. This paper has shown the variations in English syntax when it is used in a non-native context i. . Pakistan. This paper shows that in code-switching many traces of native language can be obs erved on the foreign language. The grammatical usage of Urdu language on English is visible here in the above mentioned examples. Some linguists are of the opinion that there is no language that has not been under influence of another language. English is no exception in this regard. Several changes are taking place in the English language. Isolated languages are rarely met in the global village. Bilingualism or multilingualism is a characteristic feature of modern society. According to Wardhaugh (1998: 100) ‘Command of only a single variety of language, whether it be a dialect, style or register, would appear to be an extremely rare phenomenon, one likely to occasion comment. Most speakers command several varieties of the language they speak, and bilingualism, even multilingualism, is the norm for many people throughout the world rather than unilingualism’. Note: I would like to thank Professor Dr. Mubina Talaat for her valuable comments on my paper. References Bamgbose, Ayo (2001) World Englishes and Globalisation. World Englishes, 20(3), 357-63 Baumgardner, R. J. , Kennedy, A. E. H. , and Shamim, F. (1993) The Urduization of English in Pakistan. In Baumgardner, R (Ed. ) The Englis Language in Pakistan, The Oxford Press, Karachi. Bottery, Mike (2000) Education, Policy and Ethics. London: Continuum. Brutt-Griffler, Janina (2002) World Englishes: A Study of Its Development. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters. Cheshire, Jenny (1991) English around the World: Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (2003) English as a Global Language. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fernado, S (2003) The Vocabulary of Sri Lankan English. Paper presented at 9th International Conference on Sri Lankan Studies. Sri Lanka Kachru, Braj B. (1978) Lexical innovations in South Asian English. In Indian writing in English. Edited by Ramesh Mohan. Delhi: Orient Longman Ltd. ,pp. 80-100 Kachru, Braj B. (1986) The Alchemy of English: the Spread, Functions, and Models Of Non-native English. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Kachru, Braj B. 1996) Series Editor’s Preface. In Robert J. Baumgardner (ed. ) 1996. South Asian English: Structure, Use and Users. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Kachru, Braj. B. (1997) Resources for Research and Teaching. In World Englishes 2000. Edited by Larry E. Smith and Michael L. Forman. Honolulu: College of Languages. Linguistics, and Literature, University of Hawaii and the East- West Centre , pp. 209-51 Mahajan, A (2001) Complex Predicates and Ca se in Hindi, in M. Saito et al. (eds. ) Preceedings of Nanzan GLOW, 275-296. Nagoya, Japan: Nanzan University. Mahboob, A (2003) The English Language in Pakistan: A Brief Overview of its History and Linguistics. Pakistan journal of language, vol. 4, no. 1 Nortier, J. (1990) Dutch-Moroccan Arabic code-switching among Moroccans in the Netherlands. Dordrecht: Foris. Platt, J. , Weber, H and Lain H. M. (1984). The New Englishes, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Poplack, S. (1980) ‘Sometimes I start a sentence in Spanish y termino espanol : toward a typology of code-switching in Amastea, J. and Elias- Olivares, L. 1982. Spanish in the United States Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Quirk, R and Greenbaum, S (1983) A University Grammar of English, Harlow: Longman Romaine, Susan (1995) Bilingualism (second edition). Oxford: Blackwell. Talaat, Mubina (1993) Lexical Variation in Pakistani English. In Baumgardner, R (Ed. ) The English Language in Pakistan, The Oxford Press, Karachi. Talaat, Mubina (2003) Some Aspects of Creativity in Pakistani English or Improvised Communication, Pakistan journal of language, vol. 4, no. 1 Trudgill, P (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Wardhaugh, Ronald (1998) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (third edition). Oxford: Blackwell. How to cite Code Switching, Essay examples

Growth Policies And Macroeconomic Stability -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Growth Policies And Macroeconomic Stability? Answer: Introduction Free market is a market condition where demand and supply forces works independently to bring equilibrium for the market. The equilibrium once obtained maintains a stable state without presence of any external forces. The term stable equilibrium refers to a state of rest where any fluctuation from this position automatically back to its original position. The economy of a nation is said to be stable if stability is maintained in different macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, price level, employment state and even for the external sector of the economy. In this paper, current state of Australian economy is analyzed to examine the stability of the economy. What is meant by stable equilibrium Equilibrium is a position where all the active forces are at rest. The forces work in free market is the force of demand and supply. Demand curve represent the preference and buying decision of the buyers whereas supply curve corresponds to the decision of sellers. Equilibrium price is that price where willingness to pay of buyers matches with the price cat which sellers willing to sell the goods (Garda Ziemann, 2014). Corresponding to this price equilibrium quantity is determined which is the quantity supplied in the market based on the demand of buyers. Any upward or downward movement of the equilibrium price means mismatch between supply and demand creating either excess supply or excess demand situation. Market cannot sustain with excess supply or excess demand. To maintain balance between supply and demand prices is used as an adjustment tool. Figure 1: Demand, supply and economic stability (Source: As created by Author) In the figure above, P* and Q* imply the equilibrium price and quantity respectively obtained where demand curve cuts the supply curve. Now suppose price is somewhere above the equilibrium price. This will create an excess supply situation as at the higher price, buyers demand less and seller supplies more. To sell the excess supplied quantity price has to be reduced otherwise the excess quantity is wasted leading to wastage of resources and hence making market inefficient. Conversely, if price is down the line of equilibrium price then there will be excess demand because at low price seller supplies less where buyers demand more (Fisher, 2016). To meet the excess demand price has to be increased to encourage supplier to supply more and reduces some demand. This explains how price works as an invisible hand to restore stability in equilibrium. Government intervention The price and quantity determined in the free market may seem too high or too high in special circumstances. Then government need to intervene and sets an optimum price either above or below the equilibrium price. Government often put a ceiling on price if it considers equilibrium price is too high. The minimum price set by the government above the equilibrium price is called a price floor (Lewin et al., 2016). In the presence of externality either a greater or a lower quantity is supplied. In this situation also government intervenes to correct external distortion and ensure optimum quantity for the society. Stability Analysis for Australian Economy When it comes to a countrys economy then analysis of a single market is not sufficient. The stability of the entire economy depends on macroeconomic stability. It is the aggregate demand and aggregate supply that is considered here. Aggregate demand is the demand for entire economy and aggregate supply is the total supply quantity available (Robinson, Nguyen Wang, 2017). The intersection of aggregate demand and arrogate supply determines GDP or income and price level of the economy. Gross Domestic Product is the monetary value of all goods and services produced in the economy. When GDP is stable then this means there is no major fluctuation in economic activity. For this, current GDP values of Australia are considered. Figure 2: Real GDP in Australia (Source: tradingeconomics.com) Real GDP is the measure of actual measure of national output, computed at a fixed base year prices. The figure shows there is no notable fluctuation in recent GDP trend (Sutherland and Hoeller, 2014). GDP grows gradually indicating towards a stale economy. Price level Movement of price level is an important determinant of economic stability. Price level is desired to be in stable state for overall stability of the economy. Any gradual upward movement of the existing price level is known as the inflation rate. A stable inflation rate implies a stable price level. However a low to moderate level of inflation is needed for boosting up the economy. Figure 3: Recent inflation trend in Australia (Source: tradingeconomics.com) Recent statistics shows price level in Australia is moving upward at a slower pace. Highest inflation rate is 2.1, recorded in the month of March 2017 (rba.gov.au 2017). After that price level started falling. This shows currently price level in Australia is at a stable state. External Stability for Australian Economy Australia engages in international transaction with several countries in the world. External relation of Australia is defined not only in terms of but it also explains investment made abroad. Because of significant influence of external economies on Australian internal economies the government gives priority on maintaining external stability. External stability is indicated from the balance of payment account. Balance of payment account keeps record of all international transaction. Balance of the external economy in Australia has improved with an export boos resulted from economic boom (smh.com.au, 2017). This ensures stability of external account. Conclusion The report explains stability using both microeconomics and macroeconomics perspective. Microeconomic stability concerns with stability in only one market whereas macroeconomic stability is defined in terms of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. In this context current state of Australian economy is analyzed. Two major indicators, GDP and price level are focused. Neither GDP nor price level constitute any notable fluctuation, thereby indicating a stable state for Australias internal economies. The external economy of Australia is also important for stability analysis. Improvement in balance of payment owing to trade surplus helps in bringing external stability. Reference Australia GDP | 1960-2017 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast | News. (2017).Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 13 September 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp Fisher, F.M., 2016. Adjustment processes and stability.The new palgrave dictionary of economics, pp.1-6. Garda, P., Ziemann, V. (2014). Economic Policies and Microeconomic Stability. Lewin, P., Lewin, P., Cachanosky, N. and Cachanosky, N., 2016. A financial framework for understanding macroeconomic cycles: The structure of production is relevant.Journal of Financial Economic Policy,8(2), pp.268-280. Measures of Consumer Price Inflation | RBA. (2017).Reserve Bank of Australia. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://www.rba.gov.au/inflation/measures-cpi.html Robin, M. (2017).Record trade surplus is good news for our AAA rating.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 September 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australia-celebrates-record-trade-surplus-as-exports-boom-20170202-gu3t09.html Robinson, T., Nguyen, V. H., Wang, J. (2017). The Australian Economy in 201617: Looking Beyond the Apartment Construction Boom.Australian Economic Review,50(1), 5-20. Sutherland, D. and Hoeller, P., 2014. Growth policies and macroeconomic stability.OECD Economic Policy Papers, (8), p.3.

William BlakeS The Tyger Essays - The Tyger, William Blake, The Lamb

William Blake'S The Tyger Midterm Even after all these years we as humans still ask why evil exists and where does it come from. As stated in William Blakes powerful piece of poetry The Tyger its hard for us as a people to acknowledge that such a fearsome creature who preys on mankind could have been created by God. In his work Blake approaches the idea of the tiger as being a dark and evil creature created only for destruction And what shoulder and what art Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And, when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? and what dread feet? Blake clearly observes the beauty of the creature but seems more drawn to the dark mystery of the creature. During the time period any creature that took human life without regard was considered to be a work of the devil, a creature of Satan, but Blake on the other hand had a different view that was sure to cause an upset in society so many years ago. When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did He smile His work to see? Did He who made the lamb make thee? The very idea that God could have created this terrible beast must have border lined on heresy. But when this poem is read along side Blakes other piece the lamb, we start to see what he means. In the bible there is reference to the Lion laying down with the lamb as a sign of peace, unity and harmony this is perhaps what Blake was referring to when he wrote these two poems. He is perhaps saying that no matter how different we are, or the darkness that may reside with in some we can coexist together because we come from the same place. English Essays

The Broken Spears

The Broken Spears The city of Aztec emerged in history as a result of a long cultural transformation in the pre Christian era. As per the historians the land of Mexico underwent a great cultural transition around second millennium B.C. The foundations of the sacred cities of Mayas-Tikal, Copan etc. were laid at the beginning of the Christian era.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Broken Spears specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The pyramids, palaces, various inscriptions and representations of gods became the source to Aztec art and culture in the Conquest period. The downfall of Roman Empire and the emergence of Spaniards as major power in the New World highlight of this period (Portillo, 1992). The Origin of Toltec Empire The eighth and ninth centuries witnessed the decline of Teotihuacan and Mayan cultures. However, a new state originated in central Mexico from the blend of these cultures, and it was called Toltec Empire. The main populace of this empire was people who migrated from the north. They brought with them their language of Nahuatl which in due course became the language of the Aztecs. Quetzalcoatl was their Teotihuacan cultural hero during this period. However, Quetzalcoatl left them promising his return to the land sometime in the future (Portillo, 1992). The Aztecs or Mexicas entered the Valley of Mexico from the north while new city states sprouted on its shores. In 1325 they founded their city on an isolated island and within a span of ten decades they were successful in amalgamating their old cultural traditions. They were independent, and finding themselves stable, started conquering the nearby states. This was followed by their expedition to the far and establishing their rule up to Pacific and Guatemala regions. Gradually, they became the most powerful and richer than any other city states (Portillo, 1992). The Aztec Empire, a panoramic view Don Hernando Cortes, the Spaniard and his band of six hundred soldiers landed on the coast of Aztec Empire at Veracruz on 22nd April 1519. It changed the destiny of the Empire. The city of Aztec surrendered to this unscrupulous man within 2 years. When he subdued the land the population was around a quarter of a million.Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Festivals, sacrifices and several rituals to please the gods were practiced all over. There were frequent communion of teachers and students at the pre-Hispanic education centers. The busy streets and the merchant navigation were all impressive and the soldiers thronged to the city with their military exercises. Governors and Ambassadors from distant regions visited the city either to offer tributes or to seek Aztec alliance. Gold, silver, slaves and other merchandise filled the streets, causeways and shores. People worked very hard and were devoted to their gods. The celebrations and cultural activities added to the beauty of the city (Portillo, 1992). Contributions of Tlacaelel and Itzcoatl to making of Aztec Empire It was Itzcoatl who laid the firm foundation of the empire with his immaculate vision. He ruled the empire between 1428 and 1440. The wealth and the military strength of Tenochtitlan were the result of his accomplishments. His diplomatic alliance or confederation known as ‘triple alliance’ saw the union of Nezahualcoyotl of Tezcoco (to defeat Azcapotzalco), and befriending Tenochtitlan, Tezcoco and the city of Tlacopan. The royal counselor of the King was Tlacaelel who was a shrewd statesman. He introduced significant reforms in the overall political, religious, social and economic fields of the country which brought in phenomenal improvements in the society as a whole. The historians have remarked that if the Spaniards were to come to Aztec during his period, the fate of the Empire would have been different. Tlacaelel was such a visionary ‘King Maker’ who never longed for the throne, even though it was extended to him several times. It was he who persuaded the Aztec Kings to extend the realms of Huitzilopochtli stressing upon the necessity to capture men belonging to other clans for the sacrifice. He also reformed judiciary, military, trade and commerce which were the foundation stones of Aztec mighty empire. The triple alliance conceived by him propelled the neighboring states to concede, and forced them to sign treaties. The farsighted action brought more revenue to the state in the form of tributes. During his period the Aztec boundaries were extended to the south (Portillo, 1992). Social life of the Aztecs By 1510 the empire was responsible for over several million people. The empire was extended from Pacific to Gulf coast and up to Guatemala. The speedy growth of the empire brought about corresponding changes in the outlook and way of living of the people. Their socio-political structure was so rigid that they enthralled the Spaniards with its complex nature. The social set up of the citizens reflected the social stratification which was based on the nature and class of their work. Education wasAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Broken Spears specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More also given great importance. The people practiced worshipping only one god namely, the Lord of Duality, though they considered it in the form of individual deities (Portillo, 1992). Warfare of Aztecs War became the cultural institution of the Aztec life as it was their means to please the god. The warriors knew that their prime duty was to find the captives for sacrifice. This was the main reason for the expansion of Aztec Empire. However, it frightened the Spaniards too. They could have destroyed the conquering Spaniards, but the destiny wanted it in another way, for superstition, black magic and fear overpowered th e last emperor Motecuhzoma’s will, and this mistake caused the ruin of a great Empire. The dissident tribal chiefs and the prevailing enmity with the neighboring states also aggravated the situation (Portillo, 1992). The Downfall of Aztec Empire On going through the various documents available today it could be seen that the downfall of the Aztec Empire was not because of the bravery of the Spaniards but because of the unwanted fear of Motecuhzoma. Possessed with the evils of black magic and belief in omens, he paved the way for the Spaniards to conquer him and left his people at their mercy. By misunderstanding the signs and losing courage to fight, the King withdrew from imparting his duty of defending his empire. The fear of losing his throne forced him to sent messengers to the voyaging Don Hernando Cortes with gifts, and begging him. With that he warranted disgrace and sabotaged the will of the people. Instead of confronting the situation with valor and self esteem he op ted for the humiliation of great men and their traditions to utter shame and peril (Portillo, 1992). Conclusion In short, the whole episode of conquest and the ‘Night of Sorrow’ are the result of the Indians alone. The Spaniards could not be blamed on this. When the messengers gave their reports on their encounter with the Spaniards, King Motecuhzoma was terrified and he was drenched in despair to invite his doom. God will stand only with the valiant and not with the weak. The downfall of Aztec Empire illustrates this. It is relevant to quote the following lines of a Nahua poet named Natalio Hernindez Xocoyotzin: (Portillo, 1992). â€Å"Sometimes I feel that we, the Indians, are waiting for the arrival of a ManAdvertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More who can achieve all, knows everything, is ready to help us, will answer our problems. But, this Man who can achieve all, knows everything, will never arrive because he is in ourselves, walks along with us. He has been asleep, but now he is awakening. (Portillo, 1992) Reference Portillo, M.L. (1992). The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Beacon Press, Universalist Association of Congregations. Web.

The Best of Daily Writing Tips in 2010

The Best of Daily Writing Tips in 2010 The Best of Daily Writing Tips in 2010 The Best of Daily Writing Tips in 2010 By Daniel Scocco First of all we wish a happy 2011 to all our readers. Second, we compiled a list with our most popular posts in 2010, so that you can re-read your favorite ones and check if you missed any. Next Monday well resume the writing tips, so stay tuned! What Is Irony? (With Examples): Recently I was walking and talking with my co-worker, who happens to be a freelance writer and aspiring journalist. We were talking about the fact that our employers were providing us with a Thanksgiving lunch the day after Thanksgiving, and she said, â€Å"It’s so ironic!’’ â€Å"There’s† and â€Å"There are†: Contractions are supposed to be easy to say. For example, they’re for they are is easy to utter, but adding another re to there to create â€Å"there’re† produces a word difficult to pronounce. English words Don’t (usually) End with â€Å"u†: The spelling â€Å"thru† has an entry in the tolerant Merriam-Webster that jumps to through.The OED has no entry for â€Å"thru,† although the spelling is listed along with many other historical variations in the through entry. â€Å"Ma’am† and Regional Colonialism; Where I come from, children are taught that responding to grownups with a mere â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† is impolite. â€Å"Yeah† is unforgivably rude. As a child I was taught to say â€Å"yes, sir, no, ma’am† and when I grew up, I continued to say it. When I lived in England, women whom I’d addressed as â€Å"ma’am† would sometimes smile and tell me that over there â€Å"ma’am† was reserved for the queen. 20 Computer Terms You Should Know: A great deal of jargon is used when talking about computers, and it’s surprising how often these terms are used incorrectly. Even published, successful novels sometimes do so. The following list provides an explanation of some of the more common computing terms you may come across or need to employ in your own writing. â€Å"Fun, Funner, Funnest†?: The word fun probably originated as a dialect pronunciation of Middle English fon, which as an adjective meant â€Å"foolish† and as a noun meant â€Å"fool.† The Middle English verb fonnen meant â€Å"to be foolish, to be infatuated.† 16 Manuscript Format Guidelines: If you submit manuscripts to publishers or agents, you’ve probably come across the demand that you use â€Å"standard manuscript format† (or â€Å"SMF†) for your submissions. However, it isn’t always spelled out what this actually means. Curbs and Sidewalks: In U.S. English, the word sidewalk refers to a paved footpath alongside a street or a road. The sidewalk is usually raised above the level of the road. The curb is a stone or concrete edging between the road and the sidewalk. 100 Writing Mistakes To Avoid – The Book: One of the fastest ways to improve your writing skills is to free yourself from the most common English mistakes: things like exchanging less with fewer, misspelling its as it’s, or placing commas where they are not supposed to be. This Sink Needs Fixed: The expression is often associated with Pittsburgh and â€Å"a narrow band in the middle of the country extending from the east coast to Montana.† I grew up outside those regional boundaries and am quite used to hearing â€Å"The lawn needs mowed† and â€Å"This sink needs fixed.† Taking and Bringing: Both bring and take have numerous meanings. One can, for example, take medicine, take the Fifth, take a liking to, take it on the chin, take a partner, take in a stray, take up for a friend, take out a date, and take an oath. 40 Twitter Hashtags for Writers: If you use Twitter, you’re probably already familiar with the idea of hashtags. These are simply a way of categorizing particular tweets by including within them a keyword prefixed with the hash or â€Å"pound† (#) symbol. PIN Number: To keep your writing as clear and concise as possible, you should generally try to remove unnecessary words. Sometimes duplication is fine – for artistic effect, for example – but as a general rule, it’s best to say things in as few words as possible. Corporate English: Thanks to reader Nick Corcodilos for sharing a link to an especially mind-numbing bit of English prose. I won’t publish the link he sent me, but I will give you an excerpt. Book Titles from Shakespeare: When I was receiving my secondary education in a small Arkansas high school many years ago, every student was expected to study four Shakespeare plays before graduating. The Letter â€Å"Z† Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet: Surprising as it sounds, it looks like the English alphabet will be losing one of its letters on June 1st. The announcement came from the English Language Central Commission (ELCC). No Talent for Writing: Unless the questioner wants to become an oral storyteller and tell these great stories to a live audience, or record them as audiobooks, the answer has to be, â€Å"Yes, you’re stuck.† However, I suspect that the person asking the question has made some attempt to put stories into writing, but is unhappy with the result. Post, Entry or Article?: My co-blogger and I have come across an interesting usage problem. We don’t know what to call what we write. It feels strange to refer to blog posts as â€Å"articles.† â€Å"Articles† sounds official, proper and very old media. â€Å"Posts† is the more common word, but it demeans the quality of the writing. 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays: For me, April is Shakespeare’s month. I’ll be writing several Shakespeare-related posts this month, starting with Shakespeare in the movies. Story Writing 101: Since prehistoric times, when tales were told around fires and painted on cave walls, stories have been an essential part of our human experience. But what exactly is a story – and how can you write a great one? Don’t Be Burnt By â€Å"Inflammable†: In English, the in- prefix is often used to reverse the meaning of an adjective. Thus inactive is the opposite of active and inelegant is the opposite of elegant. So why isn’t inflammable the opposite of flammable? Mankind, Humankind, and Gender: My views on gendered language are perhaps too loose to meet the more extreme requirements of political correctness. For example, I don’t see anything wrong with using the word mankind in the sense of â€Å"all human beings living on the earth.† As I understand the word, it comes from an Old English construct in which man means â€Å"person.† 30 Religious Terms You Should Know: When I was growing up in small town America, stories about religion were generally confined to the Saturday church pages in the local newspaper. Catholics and Jews were the most exotic religious practitioners in town, and â€Å"atheist† was a strong term of disapprobation. â€Å"Completed Suicide†: My take is that, outside its valid use in medical literature, the expression â€Å"completed suicide† is being used as a euphemism by people who feel there’s more of a stigma attached to saying that someone â€Å"committed suicide.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Classes and Types of Phrases"Certified" and "Certificated"7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

The future of the entertainment and media industry in the USA Essay

The future of the entertainment and media industry in the USA - Essay Example Nothing can match up to the difference the media has created in our lives and with time it can only get better. Talking about the future of the media, it is vivid how large the impact is going to be with every step towards perfection of evolution and advancement in technology, every day, every month and every year. â€Å"The media is a clever businessman and a better speaker than any politician† and to reach to the mass ensuring success it has come up with reality shows on almost every channel that keeps the mass glued to their television sets. The news hour debates keep the elderly in the family busy after work, the sitcoms and reality events keep the youth engrossed and why won’t they if it’s a good platform to portray your talent and feel the taste of success being in the limelight in reality shows like the American Idol. The future of the media can only get better as aforementioned and there’s no reason why it shouldn’t. My aim would be to add t o the profits while bringing in something new to this wonderful industry. There is much scope for experimentation and evolution in this particular industry.

Recruitment and Staffing Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Recruitment and Staffing Proposal - Coursework Example (Brown 56) Standards for quality staff include: A plan for systematic selection of a diverse company’s staff is critical to assuring the availability of quality personnel. Moreover, developing linkages with high schools and colleges, career and job fairs, and scholarship and mentor programs is a strategy that can be used to recruit a diverse group of career-focused personnel. (Lawlo 122) Training and staff development must be an on-going process that builds on the existing skills of each staff member. Training needs to be available to the junior staff members at different levels such as teachers, assistants, directors, and support staff. (Brown 88) To ensure proper selection of recruitment and retention of a qualified and competent staff, it is critical to develop and implement an equitable compensation system for childcare providers at all levels. An equitable compensation system offers salaries and benefits commensurate with the increase in knowledge and skills that staff members gain through taking courses, participating in a cohesive training program, or working toward a degree or credential. A plan for teamwork should be included. A staffing system that supports regular and frequent interactions with a wide range of multidisciplinary specialists will assure the availability of necessary skills and knowledge. Finally, Opportunities for career advancement should take into account the wide range of job roles and levels of training that providers currently have depending on the rank, staff should be given promotion in terms of the salaries paid and the position. This is an operative recruitment technique for obtaining from in a company. Workers often recommend friends, family and colleagues they trust could become important team associates in their association, which can result to highly skilled hires. This electronic gadgets provides a platform for candidates and

The Relationship between Language and Content in Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Relationship between Language and Content in Poetry Essay For this assignment I have selected three poems to analyze the relationship between language and content in poetry. I want toattempt toanalyze the writting styles of three authors, whose work can be found from the book, The Art of Work. The three poems that I have selected are Share Croppers written by Langston Hughes, Factory Worker, written by Jim Daniels, and The Rope, written by Patricia Dobler. These are three poems that caught my eye and I became very interested in. The first poem I read for this assignment was Share-Croppers. This paticular poem seemed to have been written from the viewpoint of a slave who is captioning the hard work that had to be done as a sharecropper. Although this was a very short poem the expression by this author said a lot to capture any readers attention. For example the author gives you a picture as to how the sharecropper was left hungry and ragged afterr plowing away in fields. By reading this poem you are able to identify that Langston Hughes was very concerned about African American life through the use of certain dialect and terms. As you continue to read this poem over and over you are able to come to a conclusion that the era in which this poem was written goes back to a time after emancipation, when many blacks were forced to work as share croppers not being paid a dime,and where under the authority of white farm tenants. In this poem one starts to get a feelof what it was like to be a black share cropper unable to show any remores because this was a daily routine that took a toll over ever sharecropperss daily life. My next poem Factory Jungle seems to have been written from the viewpoint of a factory worker who is trying to enlighten the fact of being a determined ambitious worker, but also as one who is ready to end a long day at work. Just like many other authors. The author Jim Daniels has written a poem that uses many metaphors to paint a picture of a factory that gives off the idea of being a jungle. For example the author say, Id like to climb one of those ropes of light swing around the presses, welders etc. The language used by this author shows us a picture of a factory swinging freely amongst his work not having a care what so ever. These paticular terms of language enables us to get a physical picture of exactly what the factory worker is doing in the factory to change it into a jungle. Everyone understand that there is no way you are able to climb rope of light or even fly out of factory gates. This only catches the readers attention just the poem sharecroppers did. Keeping the same theme and indentifying the factroy as being a jungle, the author also uses a made elephant to represent the largest presses in the plant and allows us to paint another picture showing us the harm that this big machine could cause if fallen on your hand. In this part of the poem we find that the mad elephant allows us to think about how heavy and dangerous things could be when working around heavy machinery in this paticular factory. The author is being very creative throughout this poem, careful not to bore the reader. Jim Daniels used the correlation of swinging through the plant, then rippping off his coveralls, safety glasses, and ear plugs then pounding his chest and yelling like Tarzan. This again gives us that feeling showing us that this factory worker is feeling very free. Yet and still another picture has beenpainted for us. In my final poem that I have selected, I became silightly thrown off as to what this poem was trying to generate to the reader. Unlike the other two poems I used, this poem hardly used any language and dialect to allow the readers attention to be caught at once. As I read over this poem I figured that the viewpoint of this poem had to be written by a man who was dwelling on things that he could not make of life for him or a loved one and those things were haunting him. I came to this conclusion because the author says, Their vocies still wake me as I woke for years with a rise and fall. The author is not specific as to what she wants or doesnt want us to know. This poem does not paint a picture for me letting me feel and realize what exactly is going on. So by reading these three amazing poem we find many authors use some of the same styles, literary techniques and genres to help relate to readers. While other authors may leave you slightly wondering, and can often open your mind to wonder which can be a very positive matter. I personally relate better to readings that paint a picture allowing me to be side by side to what the author has written. Also while reading Ive found that not all poetic techniques were used but all three authors used something to help you understand the readings.

Why People Cannot Ask For Help Essay examples -- Asking For Help

It can be seen all around us. It may, in fact, affect a good number of us. What is affecting so many people is something called the wall of pride. start to build this wall once they turn into adolescents. The wall of pride is nearly indestructible and many problems. Some people build their wall so high that they are no longer able to ask for help and that can be destructive. The unavoidable truth is that everybody needs help at some point in his or her life. What makes some people refrain from asking for it? . It can be seen in many TV shows, movies, or books. . My own mother has had experience with this strange stereotype. When I interviewed her she said that one notable experience stood out from the many. This event happened a couple of years ago when my family was driving back from Colorado. She said that we were on our way back and my dad wanted to stop at a nursing home to visit his grandma. Now, this nursing home was in the middle of nowhere, Nebraska. After visiting, my mom asked my dad if he needed any help getting back onto the road. My dad took offence that my mom thought that he did not know where he was going. My mom said that he would not listen to her or look at a map. He said that he grew up going to visit his grandma and knew exactly where to go. My mom said that she gave up trying to help and started to read her book. A few hours later, my mom asked if he needed any help because we were still not on the highway. My dad said that he might have taken a wrong turn Kansas. This was a time before smart phones and GPS. My mom said that we had to find a rest stop and buy a map in order to get back onto the correct highway. When I asked if he listens better now, my mom said that my dad still does not like to ge... ...rove as a society until we can learn our weaknesses and rely on others for help to broaden our overall knowledge. Only when we reach that point will the wall of pride be desolated. Works Cited â€Å"Asking For Help†. Personal Experiment. Ed. Kim Geis. 7-19 Nov. 2013. Fallows, Deborah. "The Internet and Daily Life." Pewinternet.org. Pew Internet, 11 Aug. 2004. Web.10 Dec.2013. Gladwell, Malcolm. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. Boston: Back Bay, 2002. Print. Geis, Kim. â€Å"Student Survey.† Survey. 12 Dec. 2013. Geis, Teri. Personal interview. 11 Dec. 2013. Mayerowitz, Scott. "Male Drivers Lost Longer Than Women." ABC News. ABC News Network, 26 Oct. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Seidman, Dr. Daniel. "Men and Asking for Help." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 08 Dec. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2013.

Event on Social Gathering for Women’s Day Essay

Gathering means a group of people together in one place and social gathering means a gathering for the purpose of promoting upliftment of the society/fellowship. A social gathering is an informal user generated event for those interested in social entrepreneurship enterprise, share ideas and meet new people. A social gathering is open to anyone with an interest in social enterprise. It helps in gaining advice, support and inspiration from entrepreneurs. It is an event specially organized for the awareness of the current issues. The event may include speeches, discussions, dramas, songs and many more cultural activities to make people aware. It is organized 4 to 5 hrs or lesser. It may include social issues like suicides, girl education, water conservation, garbage, etc. mostly the social gathering on these issues are followed by a campaign on large scale. Social gathering includes all the general public. The publicity is done on great extent. The targeted people are colleges, universities, other NGO’s, own NGO’s members and volunteers contacts and family and relatives etc. Since gathering means a collection or accumulation an assembly of persons, so the people gather for completing a task. It is a fully refreshing and entertaining type of event. Thus the event includes lunch together, and has discussions. This is organized in such manner that every one participate in the task taken on the issue. Mostly the social gathering is free of cost or low cost. The speakers are well-qualified and master in their field. The speeches by them are very practical which we can have in our daily-scheduled-routine life. The term female feticide means killing the female fetus in the mother’s womb. Sex selective abortions and increase in the number of female infanticide cases have become a significant social phenomenon in several parts of India. It transcends all castes, class and communities and even the North South dichotomy. The girl children become target of attack even before they are born. India is growing dynamically in all the fields†¦ the country have witnessed advancement all over but female feticide is still prevailing in India. In spite of all the stringent laws framed to curb the female feticide still, the practice continues. Many girls missing from our country are seen buried in the graveyard. The bias against females in India is related to the fact that sons are called upon to provide the income; they are the ones who do most of the work in the fields. In this way, sons are looked to as a type of insurance. With this perspective, it becomes clearer that the high value given to males decreases the value given to females. The exorbitant dowry demand is one of the main reasons for female feticide. A girl means accumulation of sufficient recourses for the dowry the parent have to give away, when the girls get married. As a matter of prestige too, more money and material goods are asked in dowry. Poor families are unable to give so much of things in dowry. Result is in front of you many, many women are treated hostile by their ‘in laws’’ so many of them commit suicide. Murders of women whose families are deemed to have paid   insufficient dowry have become increasingly common. Another major problem among girls is that in many villages of India, girls are considered as a big trouble to their parents. They are killed as soon as they are born. The phenomenon of female infanticide is as old as many cultures, and has likely accounted for millions of gender-selective deaths throughout history. It remains a critical concern in a number of â€Å"Third World† countries today, notably the two most populous countries on earth, China and India. In all cases, specifically female infanticide reflects the low status accorded to women in most parts of the world; â€Å"Female infanticide is the intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females.† It should be seen as a subset of the broader phenomenon of infanticide, which has also targeted the physically or mentally handicapped and infant males as with maternal mortality. Some would dispute the assigning of infanticide or female infanticide to the category of â€Å"genocide† or, as here, â€Å"gendercide†. When demographic statistics were first collected in the nineteenth century, it was discovered that in â€Å"some villages of India, no girl babies were found at all; in a total of thirty others, there were 343 boys to 54 girls. In rural India, the centuries-old practice of female infanticide can still be considered a wise course of action.† According to census statistics, â€Å"From 972 females for every 1,000 males in 1901 †¦ the gender imbalance has tilted to 929 females per 1,000 males.

Importance of Learning English Essay

Introduction: The importance of learning English cannot be overemphasized in an increasingly interconnected and globalized world. English is the most spoken language in the world as billions of people sheer English language as their official language. It is the primary language used in different international activities. Even in nations where English is not the primary spoken language has official status. English is indisputably the primary language of global trade, commerce, and education. So, for career build up there is no alternate to learn English. What is Language? A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people. Read more: Importance of English speech essay Language, so far as we know, is something specific to humans, that is to say it is the basic capacity that distinguishes humans from all other living beings. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes. Written languages use symbols (characters) to build words. The entire set of words is the language’s vocabulary. The ways in which the words can be meaningfully combined is defined by the language’s syntax and grammar. The actual meaning of words and combinations of words is defined by the language’s semantics. English as an International language: English is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is spoken as a native language by around 377 million and as a second language by around 375 million speakers in the world. Speakers of English as a second language will soon outnumber those who speak it as a first language. Around 750 million people are believed to speak English as a foreign language. English has an official or a special status in 75 countries with a total population of over 2 billion. The domination of the English language globally is undeniable. English is the language of diplomacy and international communications, business, tourism, education, science, computer technology, media and Internet. Because English was used to develop communication, technology, programming, software, etc, it dominates the web. 70% of all information stored electronically is in English. The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse. So, it is undeniably true that English is the main international language in the world. The historical circumstances of Bangladesh to learn English: After two hundred years communal rule by the British Raj English language has been using all over the Indian subcontinent as official language. Now-a-days language medium of maximum higher education in Bangladesh is English. Widespread use of internet also paves the way to establish English as inevitable language to learn. With out being fluent in English it is impossible to get job in any corporate business centre in Bangladesh. Learning English for professional purpose: Now-a-days without English language it is impossible to live in a single day. For professional purpose it is a Must to learn English. No person can be explored his/her professional excellence without proper implementation of English language. From very early part of professional development to the higher stage of profession a person need appropriate use of English. So, importance of learning English is never be overlooked. Necessity of learning English in Different professional purposes: In early part of career development, i.e. during educational stage: English language is that window through which we can see the world easily. We need this language for our higher education. Technical subjects are taught in English. Most of the books in modern technology are found in English. If we have no knowledge of English, we can’t study those books. Many important and great books are written in English. We can enjoy reading various literary books in English. Higher education in first world In universities and colleges in Great Britain, the Unites States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore, which attract the most number of international students, the primary language of instruction is English. So, without obtaining higher score in IELTS or TOFEL no student can enter the universities located in these countries. Job Opportunities in home and abroad: Knowing English opens job and employment opportunities in home and abroad. Multilateral institutions and agencies in aboard recruit professionals with multilingual skills but also expect the candidates to have good English-speaking skills. Without having good commend in both writing and speaking English no body will get job in international agencies, import oriented business agencies and even in local high profile agencies or business centers. Former British colonies or dependencies, also offers numerous employment opportunities to those who understand and communicate in English. We can get a good job easily, if we have good command in spoken or written English. Nowadays we require English even to operate computer, which is a compulsory thing in modern society. Digital Age: While progress has been made in language-translation software and allied technologies, the primary language of the ubiquitous and all-influential World Wide Web is English. English is typically the language of latest-version applications and programs and new freeware, shareware, peer-to-peer, social media networks and websites. Software manuals, hardware-installation guides and product fact sheets of popular consumer electronics and entertainment devices usually are available in English first before being made available in other languages. So, to be a good corporate officer in this digital era there is no option without learning English.

Davis Surname Meaning and Origin

Davis Surname Meaning and Origin Davis is the 8th most common surname in America and one of the 100 most common last names in both England and Wales. Surname Origin: Welsh,  English Alternate Surname Spellings:  Davies (Welsh), David, Davidson, Davison, Daves, Dawson, Dawes, Day, Dakin What Does Davis Mean? Davis is a common patronymic surname with Welsh origins meaning son of David, a given name that means beloved. Fun Facts In the United States, Davis is one of the ten most common surnames. The variant Davies, however, is barely in the top 1,000 most common last names. In Great Britain, this surname popularity is reversed. There, Davies is the 6th most common surname overall, while Davis is the 45th most common surname. Where Do People Named Davis Live? According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, the Davis surname is most commonly found in the United States, especially in the southern states of Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, South Carolina, and Tennessee. It is also a common surname in Australia, the United Kingdom (especially southern England), New Zealand, and Canada. Forebears ranks Davis as the 320th most common surname in the world, with the highest numbers found in Jamaica, Anguilla, and the Bahamas, followed by the U.S., Liberia, and Australia. Famous People with the Surname Davis Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.Miles Davis, influential American jazz artist.Angela Davis, political philosopher and black power activist.Captain Howell Davis, Welsh pirate.Sammy Davis Jr., American entertainer.General Benjamin O. Davis,  leader of the Tuskegee Airmen during World War II.William Morris Davis, father of American geography. Sources Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, June 1, 2004. Cottle, Basil. The Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. (Penguin Reference Books), Paperback, 2nd Edition, Puffin, August 7, 1984. Davis Surname Definition. Forebears, 2012. Hanks, Patrick. A Dictionary of Surnames. Flavia Hodges, Oxford University Press, February 23, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, May 8, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings. First Edition, Polish Genealogical Society, June 1, 1993. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Hardcover, Bilingual edition, Avotaynu, May 30, 2005. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow. Hardcover, Zaklad Narodowy im. OssoliÅ„skich, 1991. Smith, Elsdon Coles. American Surnames. 1st Edition, Chilton Book Co, June 1, 1969.

Arthur Zimmermann - Profile

Arthur Zimmermann - Profile Arthur Zimmerman worked as the German Foreign Secretary during 1916-17 (mid World War 1), during which time he sent the Zimmermann Note / Telegram, a document whose clumsy diplomacy (trying to trigger a Mexican invasion of the US) contributed to America’s entry into the war and earned Zimmerman lasting infamy as a hapless failure. Born 5 October 1864, Died 6 June 1940. Early Career Born in 1864 Marggrabowa, East Prussia (now called Olecko and in Poland), Arthur Zimmermann followed a career in the German civil service, moving to the diplomatic branch in 1905. By 1913 he had a major role thanks partly to the Foreign Secretary, Gottlieb von Jagow, who left much of the face to face negotiations and meetings to Zimmermann. Indeed, Arthur was acting as Foreign Secretary alongside German Emperor Wilhelm II and Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg in 1914 when the decision to support Austria-Hungary against Serbia, and thus Russia, and thus enter into the First World War, was taken. Zimmermann himself drafted the telegram giving notice of Germanys commitment. Soon most of Europe was fighting each other, and hundreds of thousands were being killed. Germany, in the middle of it all, managed to stay afloat. Arguments Over Submarine Strategy Jagow remained Foreign Secretary until the middle of 1916, when he resigned in protest at the governments decision to resume unrestricted submarine warfare, which was likely to provoke a US declaration of war against Germany. This style of warfare involved using submarines to attack any and all shipping they found, whether or not it appeared to be from neutral nations (although American was using an odd sort of neutrality at the best of times), and one major target was US civilian and shipping craft. The US had warned earlier in the war that such tactics might induce it to fight Germany.Zimmermann was appointed his replacement on November 25, thanks partly to his talents, but mainly to his complete support of the military rulers – Hindenburg and Ludendorff – and the submarine policy, which was now going to going ahead. Reacting to the threat from America, Zimmermann proposed an alliance with both Mexico and Japan to create a ground war on US soil. However, the telegram of instructions he sent to his Mexican ambassador in March 1917 was intercepted by the British (not entirely honourably, but there was   a war on) and passed onto the US for maximum effect: it became known as the Zimmermann Note, severely embarrassed Germany and contributed to the American publics support for war. They were, as you might imagine, angered by Germany trying to bring bloodshed to their own country, and were now keener on exporting some of their own in return. A Lack of Denials For reasons that still baffle political spokesmen, Zimmermann publicly admitted to the telegram’s authenticity. Zimmermann remained Foreign Secretary for a few more months, until he retired from government in the August of 1917 (largely because there wasnt a job for him anymore). He lived until 1940 and died with Germany again at war, his career overshadowed by one short communication.

Immigration in the 19th Century, Teddy Roosevelt, and Labor Unions Essay

Immigration in the 19th Century, Teddy Roosevelt, and Labor Unions - Essay Example During the time of the great immigration, all the people needed were a boat ticket or in the least other means of transport to get to America. Thus, the shipbuilding industry facilitated the immigration significantly. During the agrarian revolution and the following years, several people came into America as slaves, to work in the factories and farms of the people. However, the immigration wave from the period 1820s to 1890s marked the observable immigration process. The immigrants in this period were mainly from Ireland and Germany, which brought about 5 million immigrants. The migration was because of includes famine and poverty in Ireland and political instability in Germany. Additionally, there were other immigrants, including from France, Canada and Sweden. Along these Europeans also came about 90000 Japanese and 300000 Chinese, whose chief reason was to make money for the Japanese and flee the opium war for the Chinese (Alexander, 2007). The industrial revolution further attracted more immigrants from the year 1890 to 1919. The immigrants into America this period constituted people from Italy, Austria, Hungary, Russia, Ireland and Great Britain. Conversely, with the arrival of the World War , the immigration declined. Nonetheless, over 9 million immigrants already settled in America (Alexander, 2007). The immigration into America took root from three reasons. Some were economic reasons, which featured search for wealth and employment, political reasons, which featured escape from the warring countries, and religious reasons, featuring trials and executions due to religious beliefs. The people as they migrated, due to the high numbers and inadequate housing, settled in groups in what grew into slum settlements. Additionally, due to the influx of people, unemployment rates increased as well as, the income of families (Alexander, 2007). The immigrants grew the American economy stronger. However,

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Globalization - Essay Example With the rise of globalization, sovereignty is now loosing its advantage in various aspects but is still considered by realists to be an important matter especially in the protection of internal affairs. To the realist, sovereignty is not just a display of supreme power but also gives the idea of ‘equality of nations’ where no one nation-state is superior over the other but are of the same level while one state’s need of others is maintained by the protection of internal affairs of each nation. In such a situation, a consensus is needed for the declaration of the sovereignty of one nation over the others. Thus it is the realist’s opinion that sovereignty should be reduced as suggested by Henry Schermers , as ‘the world community takes over sovereignty of territories with the world community having sufficient means to help existing states with their weaknesses and failures (Jackson 2003, p. 787). Secretary General Annan on the other hand, believes that a global era requires a global engagement (Jackson 2003, p.

Innovation and Design Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation and Design Management - Case Study Example Required Capabilities for International Launch Developing a decentralized model for costing similar to a "in-country" model. Access multiple markets by developing a strong public relations and customer connect campaigns through effective training and promotional strategy. Comply with requirements pertaining to sales, quality assurance and marketing in an international scenario to attract larger customer base. Proactive plan for conducting press tours in multiple languages, seminars on the specific product features of Lazy-Dizzy tooth brush by effective product presentations and training sessions Conduct continuous tests to ensure the quality of the product and establish distribution channels for easy availability of the product. Key Resources Content developers for promotional campaign in international languages. Distributors and franchisees for effective sales Product experts for effective manufacturing of the Lazy-dizzy tooth brush. Recruitment professionals and advertisers for staffing and marketing. Competent Sales force and business development professionals Effective Communication experts using latest technologies Voice of the customer as feedback Key obstacles Competition Due to the changing customer preferences on tooth brush design, the competitor toothbrush companies are especially eager to put promising innovative designs onto store shelves as quickly as possible. Competitors offer tooth brush at minimum price to attract customer base with a less profit margin. International Product Launch The major challenge in an international product launch is to ensure that the performance of current product is rated as an accurate product. Another challenge is to provide... It is observed that there has been a drastic increase in the usage of power operated toothbrushes as the customers prefer to swift from traditional tooth brush which is operated manually. This justifies that there is scope of attractive and developing market for the innovative design of Lazy -Dizzy tooth brush. Lazy-Dizzy toothbrush designs allows for an option that sets the power of the brushing action of the brush to either a "high" or "low" level. In most cases the effectiveness of the brush will be greatest when it is set to its higher setting.

Spanish Language Varieties in Spain and in Mexico

Spanish Language Varieties in Spain and in Mexico Spanish language varieties in Spain and in Mexico. George Bernard Shaw regarded Great Britain and America as ‘two countries divided by a common language’. This viewpoint can be also applied to Spain and Mexico, the Spanish-speaking countries with different language varieties and dialects that have been formed under the influence of specific historical, cultural, political and social events. Despite the fact that Spanish is spoken in many countries, the major varieties of Spanish can be observed in Latin America and Spain, where the language, according to Clare Mar-Molinero (2000), â€Å"is buoyant and secure† (p.18). Spanish belongs to the Indo-European language family and comes from Vulgar Latin language, although Spanish vocabulary consists of Italian, French and Arabic words. Spanish language in Latin America has five major varieties: the Caribbean, the South American Pacific, the Argentinian-Uruguyan-Paraguayan, the Central American, and the Highland (or Standard) Latin American. However, this classification is too generalised, as it is based only on the differences in pronunciation. Due to â€Å"the immensity of the territory where Latin American Spanish is spoken† (Lipski, 1994 p.3), linguists analyse language varieties â€Å"along geographical, political, ethnic, musicological and social lines† (Lipski, 1994 p.3). The residents of Mexico mainly use the Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects that emerged after the formation of Peruvian Spanish. Nahuatl dialect that belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language group (Andrews, 1975) and has â€Å"the greatest influence in centra l Mexico† (Lipski, 1994 p.6) is an ancient Spanish dialect. About one million Mexican people speak Nahuatl dialect nowadays. In Spain there are also two principal language varieties – the Castilian and the Andalusian dialects that were formed in the middle ages, although some regions of Northern and Southern Spain create other specific dialects. As Spanish language descends from Castile, the Spanish region that became a centre of political significance since the thirteenth century, the Castilian dialect is one of the most widespread varieties and is accepted as a national criterion in Spain. Mar-Molinero (2000) considers that the phenomenon of ‘Castilianisation’ was initiated by the Visigoths; however, it was only in the eighteenth century when the Castilian dialect displaced other language varieties as a result of Charles’ III 1768 declaration, demonstrating a profound impact of political prevalence on linguistic prevalence. Mar-Molinero (2000) also states that the Andalusian dialect considerably influenced the formation of the Standard Latin American (pp.36-37), although this viewpoint is strongly opposed by sociolinguists. Other crucial language varieties in Spain are Euskara, Galician and Catalan; these dialects have some parallels with Portuguese and French languages, although they do not belong to the Indo-European language family. The emergence of these three Spanish varieties is closely connected with the spread of nationalism. The Levantine varieties also constitute an important group of dialects utilised in such Spanish regions as Alicante, Valencia and Castellà ³n. People in these areas currently use Catalan/Valencian, Murcian, Andalusian, Aragon, and La Manche/Castile dialects. The differences in all these Spanish language varieties attribute to pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar (Penny, 2000). In particular, pronunciation of the Standard Latin American differs from the Castilian, similar to the dissimilarities between British English and American English. In the Castilian dialect the sounds ‘ce’ or ‘ci’ are changed into ‘th’: ‘gracias’ (thanks) appears as ‘gratheas’; however, in the Standard Latin American the word ‘gracias’ is pronounced as ‘gras-see-as†. Such separate pronunciation of the word ‘grasseeas’ is a characteristic feature of the Standard Latin American dialect. In the Castilian dialect some words are ended in a vocable vowel, losing their last consonants, while two Mexican dialects are characterised by the pronunciation of final consonants. Overall, the speech in Mexico is slow in comparison with the speech in the majority of Spanish regio ns (Hill Hill, 1986); however, the Caribbean, or Lowland dialect is defined as a rather prompt and informal variety of Spanish language. In addition to the differences in pronunciation, there are some differences in grammar. In Mexican Spanish ‘ustedes’ (you) is utilised both for formal and informal address, while in Castilian Spanish there are two words for formal and informal address – ‘ustedes’ and ‘vosotros’, respectively. Some verbs in the Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects have changed their initial forms, acquiring certain Anglicisms and Americanisms. In particular, Mexican residents say, â€Å"Apliquà © a la Universidad† (I applied to the university), while Spanish people utilise a more precise form – ‘Postulà © a la universidad’. Similarly, Spaniards in Spain prefer to utilise pasado perfecto (the compound tense that is similar to English Present Perfect tense): ‘Yo he viajado a los Estados Unidos’ (I have travelled to the USA). Mexican people use a more simplified tense – pretà ©rito indefinido (Englis h Past Indefinite), for example, â€Å"Viajà © a Estados Unidos† (I travelled to the USA). According to Julia Kristeva (1989), â€Å"Language is so intimately linked to man and society that they are inseparable† (p.3); thus, the utilisation of Anglicisms and Americanisms in Mexican Spanish reflects historical and social differences between Spain and Mexico. Duncan Green (1997) points at the impact of the United States on language and identity of Mexican population; in particular, the author states that â€Å"The mass media has become a battleground in the struggle to define Latin American’s identity† (pp.98-99). The simplification of Spanish language in Mexico reveals that various social changes modify language, and language shapes the identity of Mexican people. As Mar-Molinero (2000) states, â€Å"Not only does language have an instrumental role as a means of communication, it also has an extremely important symbolic role as marker of identity† (p.3). Due to the fact that social identities of Mexican and Spanish people differ, Spanish language of Mexico and Spain is characterised by a rather diverse vocabulary. For instance, the word ‘Okay’ is translated as ‘Sale’ in Mexico, and as ‘Chungo’ – in Madrid; similarly, the word ‘work’ is rendered as ‘chambear’ in Mexico and as ‘currar’ – in Spain. Another difference that distinguishes Mexican Spanish from Spanish in Spain is the preservation of archaisms in the Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects. Such words and expressions as ‘Órale’ (All right), ‘Ya mero’ (almost) or ‘Quà © pedo?† (What is going on?) are normal for Mexican Spanish, but they are not utilised in Spain. John Lipski (1994) considers that these language varieties emerged as a result of cultural and social interactions of Spain and Mexico with other countries. The Standard Latin American dialect was considerably influenced by Italian and African immigrants who arrived in Latin America at the end of the nineteenth – the beginning of the twentieth centuries (Lipski, 1994 pp.11-12). Skidmore and Smith (2000) reveal the similar viewpoint, claiming that in Latin America â€Å"languages, food, sports, and music all show profound and continuing African influence† (p.356). Simultaneously, the Standard Lat in American and the Caribbean dialects reflect native roots, especially Indian roots that are rather distinct in Mexican Spanish. For instance, the language of the Mayans serves as the basis for more than thirty dialects in Mexico, let alone the language of the Aztecs. In particular, many modern Mexican dialects preserve initial and final sounds tl- in certain words, like ‘Nahuatl’, ‘Quetzalcoatl’, the god of Aztecs, or ‘Tlaxcala’, Mexican state. As Skidmore and Smith (2000) point out, â€Å"Aside from the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas, there were many other Indian cultures. In the area of modern-day Mexico alone there were over 200 different linguistic groups† (p.14). However, the impact of the Castilian language on the formation of Mexican Spanish is the greatest, as the Castilian was the only language taught in Mexican schools with the arrival of Spanish settlers. Thus, three major aspects aggravated the differences between Spanish spoken in Spain and Spanish spoken in Mexico: Spanish settlements in Mexico, immigration of English, Italian and African people, and finally, linguistic drift. Analysing Spanish language varieties in Mexico and Spain, the essay demonstrates that the differences mainly exist in spoken language, influencing such linguistic aspects as vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. The Caribbean and Highland Latin American dialects in Mexico and the Castilian and the Andalusian dialects in Spain are characterised by diverse accent, idioms and unique words, but these variants are integral parts of Spanish language. As a result of various social and political changes, modern Mexican Spanish has been exposed to the process of Americanisation, which considerably simplifies vocabulary and grammar of Spanish dialects in Mexico and intensifies the differences between Mexican Spanish and Spanish spoken in Spain. The spread of travels and mass media changes Spanish language in both Mexico and various areas of Spain, revealing unique cultural identities of different Spanish-speaking groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Andrews, J. R. (1975) Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. Austin, University of Texas. Green, D. (1997) Faces of Latin America. Nottingham, Russell Press, Latin American Bureau. Hill, J. H. and Hill, K.C. (1986) Speaking Mexicano. Tucson, University of Arizona Press.   Kristeva, J. (1989) Language: The Unknown An Initiation Into Linguistics. London, Harvest Wheatsheaf. Lipski, J.M. (1994) Latin American Spanish. London, New York, Longman. Mar-Molinero, C. (2000) The Politics of Language in the Spanish-Speaking World from Colonization to Globalization. London, New York, Routledge. Penny, R. (2000) Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Skidmore, T. E. and Smith, P.H. (2000) Modern Latin America. 5th edition. Oxford, Oxford University Press.